Cooper and colleagues later confirmed CYP to be a key enzyme involved in drug and steroid hydroxylation reactions (Cooper, Levin, Narasimhulu, Rosenthal, & Estabrook, 1965). In 1963, Estabrook, Cooper, and Rosenthal described the role of CYP as a catalyst in steroid hormone synthesis and drug metabolism. It was almost a decade later that the function and significance of CYP were determined. Klingenberg first discovered CYP in 1954 during his research on steroid hormone metabolism, when he extracted a novel protein from hepatocytes (Klingenberg, 1958). The most common phase I reaction is oxidation, which is catalyzed by the CYP system (Gibson & Skett, 2001). Drug metabolism is achieved through phase I reactions, phase II reactions, or both. As the primary site of drug metabolism, the liver functions to detoxify and facilitate excretion of xenobiotics (foreign drugs or chemicals) by enzymatically converting lipid-soluble compounds to more water-soluble compounds. In this article, we will describe the CYP system, its potential for drug interactions, and the genetic polymorphisms that can exist in hematology/oncology patients.Дrug metabolism occurs in many sites in the body, including the liver, intestinal wall, lungs, kidneys, and plasma. Understanding the CYP system is essential for advanced practitioners (APs), as the consequences of drug-drug interactions can be profound. Rural background seems to be an important factor that can be employed in policy and practice, however, the problem of increasing the number of rural doctors is multifactorial and so is the solution.Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a hemeprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics (Estabrook, 2003).

What does this study add?: This systematic review provides good evidence that doctors with a rural background are about twice as likely to work as rural doctors, compared with those with an urban background. In order to determine the strength of the evidence for an association between rural background and rural practice we did a systematic review of the published reports. It is recognised that other factors such as location of primary and secondary education, rural medical training and spouse or partner background may also be influential. What is already known on this subject?: It is widely perceived that doctors with a rural background are more likely to return to work in rural areas and major policy initiatives in Australia rely on this assumption. There is a smaller body of evidence in support of the other rural factors studied, and the strength of association is similar to that for rural background. Rural postgraduate training was associated with rural practice in 1 of 2 studies, with rural doctors reporting rural training about 2.5 times more often.Д¬onclusions: There is consistent evidence that the likelihood of working in rural practice is approximately twice greater among doctors with a rural background. Rural undergraduate training was associated with rural practice in 4 of 5 studies, with most OR approximately 2.0. Having a rural partner was associated with rural practice in 3 of the 4 studies reporting on it, with OR approximately 3.0. Rural schooling was associated with rural practice in all 5 studies that reported on it, with most OR approximately 2.0. Rural background was associated with rural practice in 10 of the 12 studies, in which it was reported, with most odds ratios (OR) approximately 2вЂ“2.5. Results: We systematically reviewed 12 studies. Subject: The search criteria included observational studies of a case-control or cohort design making a clear and quantitative comparison between current rural and urban doctors, this resulted in the identification of 141 studies for potential inclusion. Setting: A search of the national and international published reports from 1973 to October 2001. Objective: We sought to summarise the evidence for an association between rural background and rural practice by systematically reviewing the national and international published reports.

Doctors in training cyp450 inducer